わかりやすいように、ごく単純なWebサーバをスケールさせる例です

検証環境

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$ cd hoge
$ ls hoge
docker-compose.yml


$ cat docker-compose.yml
version: '3'

services:

  web:
  image: nginx:alpine
    ports:
      - 10080-10089:80

ここでのポイントは、portsの10080-89:80の部分です。スケールさせる際に割り当てるポートの範囲を指定しています。
(この場合、実質10台までスケール可能、という事になります)

まずは通常のup

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// 普通にup
$ docker-compose up -d web
Creating network "hoge_default" with the default driver
Creating hoge_web_1_f88fc20678ee ... done

// ポート確認
$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE                                 COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS              PORTS                   NAMES
748617fa2e75        nginx:alpine   "/usr/sbin/nginx -g …"   5 seconds ago       Up 3 seconds        0.0.0.0:10080->80/tcp   hoge_web_1_c74182e5a539

// IP確認
$ docker network inspect hoge_default | jq -r '.[0].Containers[] | [.Name, "-->", .IPv4Address] | @csv' | column -t -s "," | xargs -ICONTAINER echo "- CONTAINER"
- hoge_web_1_c74182e5a539  -->  192.168.0.2/20

5台にスケール

webコンテナを5個まで増やしてみます

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// --scale web=5 を指定
$ docker-compose up -d --scale web=5 web
WARNING: The "web" service specifies a port on the host. If multiple containers for this service are created on a single host, the port will clash.
Starting hoge_web_1_c74182e5a539 ... done
Creating hoge_web_2_13bb1a332458 ... done
Creating hoge_web_3_225eac9f629c ... done
Creating hoge_web_4_c27993395577 ... done
Creating hoge_web_5_70bc29594f3e ... done

// ポート確認（ポートがymlに指定した範囲内で割り当てられている）
$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE                                 COMMAND                  CREATED              STATUS              PORTS                   NAMES
42e5eaa4d2ca        nginx:alpine   "/usr/sbin/nginx -g …"   12 seconds ago       Up 10 seconds       0.0.0.0:10083->80/tcp   hoge_web_4_6d1d9b1012c3
6bcb67358dad        nginx:alpine   "/usr/sbin/nginx -g …"   12 seconds ago       Up 9 seconds        0.0.0.0:10084->80/tcp   hoge_web_2_182925f26775
84f9deee96b5        nginx:alpine   "/usr/sbin/nginx -g …"   12 seconds ago       Up 10 seconds       0.0.0.0:10082->80/tcp   hoge_web_5_b8faed640b87
9022a4e4e4fc        nginx:alpine   "/usr/sbin/nginx -g …"   12 seconds ago       Up 10 seconds       0.0.0.0:10081->80/tcp   hoge_web_3_8eaf171dc2e7
748617fa2e75        nginx:alpine   "/usr/sbin/nginx -g …"   About a minute ago   Up About a minute   0.0.0.0:10080->80/tcp   hoge_web_1_c74182e5a539

// IP確認
$ docker network inspect hoge_default | jq -r '.[0].Containers[] | [.Name, "-->", .IPv4Address] | @csv' | column -t -s "," | xargs -ICONTAINER echo "- CONTAINER"
- hoge_web_4_6d1d9b1012c3  -->  192.168.0.5/20
- hoge_web_2_182925f26775  -->  192.168.0.6/20
- hoge_web_1_c74182e5a539  -->  192.168.0.2/20
- hoge_web_5_b8faed640b87  -->  192.168.0.4/20
- hoge_web_3_8eaf171dc2e7  -->  192.168.0.3/20

3台にスケール

今度は、webコンテナを3個まで減らしてみます

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// 3台にスケール（新しい物から順に？stopとrmされる）
$ docker-compose up -d --scale web=3 web
WARNING: The "web" service specifies a port on the host. If multiple containers for this service are created on a single host, the port will clash.
Stopping and removing hoge_web_4_6d1d9b1012c3 ... done
Stopping and removing hoge_web_5_b8faed640b87 ... done
Starting hoge_web_1_c74182e5a539              ... done
Starting hoge_web_2_182925f26775              ... done
Starting hoge_web_3_8eaf171dc2e7              ... done

// ポート確認
$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE                                 COMMAND                  CREATED              STATUS              PORTS                   NAMES
6bcb67358dad        nginx:alpine   "/usr/sbin/nginx -g …"   About a minute ago   Up About a minute   0.0.0.0:10084->80/tcp   hoge_web_2_182925f26775
9022a4e4e4fc        nginx:alpine   "/usr/sbin/nginx -g …"   About a minute ago   Up About a minute   0.0.0.0:10081->80/tcp   hoge_web_3_8eaf171dc2e7
748617fa2e75        nginx:alpine   "/usr/sbin/nginx -g …"   2 minutes ago        Up 2 minutes        0.0.0.0:10080->80/tcp   hoge_web_1_c74182e5a539

11台にスケール

冒頭でymlに指定した、portsの範囲外までスケールさせてみるとどうでしょうか

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$ docker-compose up -d --scale web=11 web
WARNING: The "web" service specifies a port on the host. If multiple containers for this service are created on a single host, the port will clash.
Starting hoge_web_1_c74182e5a539  ... done
Starting hoge_web_2_182925f26775  ... done
Starting hoge_web_3_8eaf171dc2e7  ... done
Starting hoge_web_4_e08618e39e12  ... done
Starting hoge_web_5_71f2ef02ddad  ... done
Starting hoge_web_6_66bf84908909  ... done
Starting hoge_web_7_46f71cd3488a  ... done
Starting hoge_web_8_29a1dbcd2d85  ... done
Starting hoge_web_9_dd345e23b434  ... done
Starting hoge_web_10_d34088bf19cd ... done
Creating hoge_web_11_2e0fb2efdd37 ... error

ERROR: for hoge_web_11_2e0fb2efdd37  Cannot start service web: driver failed programming external connectivity on endpoint hoge_web_11_2dd5a27ceb24 (e72dbf1c2fac14fb47fdf3cfd702ebb1dac849a0ed6c6569511793562a6c5103): all ports are allocated

ERROR: for web  Cannot start service web: driver failed programming external connectivity on endpoint hoge_web_11_2dd5a27ceb24 (e72dbf1c2fac14fb47fdf3cfd702ebb1dac849a0ed6c6569511793562a6c5103): all ports are allocated
ERROR: Encountered errors while bringing up the project.

all ports are allocatedとなり、11台目のコンテナは起動を中断しました

down

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$ docker-compose down
Stopping hoge_web_10_d34088bf19cd ... done
Stopping hoge_web_6_66bf84908909  ... done
Stopping hoge_web_8_29a1dbcd2d85  ... done
Stopping hoge_web_5_71f2ef02ddad  ... done
Stopping hoge_web_9_dd345e23b434  ... done
Stopping hoge_web_7_46f71cd3488a  ... done
Stopping hoge_web_4_e08618e39e12  ... done
Stopping hoge_web_2_182925f26775  ... done
Stopping hoge_web_3_8eaf171dc2e7  ... done
Stopping hoge_web_1_c74182e5a539  ... done
Removing hoge_web_11_2dd5a27ceb24 ... done
Removing hoge_web_10_d34088bf19cd ... done
Removing hoge_web_6_66bf84908909  ... done
Removing hoge_web_8_29a1dbcd2d85  ... done
Removing hoge_web_5_71f2ef02ddad  ... done
Removing hoge_web_9_dd345e23b434  ... done
Removing hoge_web_7_46f71cd3488a  ... done
Removing hoge_web_4_e08618e39e12  ... done
Removing hoge_web_2_182925f26775  ... done
Removing hoge_web_3_8eaf171dc2e7  ... done
Removing hoge_web_1_c74182e5a539  ... done
Removing network hoge_default

docker-compose scaleは非推奨

docker-compose scaleもありますが、現在は、非推奨(deprecated) となっていて、使わないほうが良いみたいです（かわりにup --scaleを使うようにとの事）

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$ docker-compose scale --help
Set number of containers to run for a service.

Numbers are specified in the form `service=num` as arguments.
For example:

    $ docker-compose scale web=2 worker=3

This command is deprecated. Use the up command with the `--scale` flag
instead.

Usage: scale [options] [SERVICE=NUM...]

Options:
  -t, --timeout TIMEOUT      Specify a shutdown timeout in seconds.
                             (default: 10)

スケールさせたコンテナにアクセスを分散する

docker-composeでscaleしたnginxをhaproxyでラウンドロビン振り分けするという記事を書きました