手順1と2はUbuntuの手順と同じです

1.Debianがグラフィックボードを認識しているか確認

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$ lspci | grep -i nvidia
01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: NVIDIA Corporation GP107 [GeForce GTX 1050] (rev a1)
01:00.1 Audio device: NVIDIA Corporation GP107GL High Definition Audio Controller (rev a1)

2.nouveauがオンになっていたら無効にする

lsmodして何か表示されたらnouveauを無効にします（何も表示されなければ3へ）

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// 何か表示されたらnouveauが有効になってる
$ lsmod | grep -i nouveau
nouveau              2179072  3
mxm_wmi                16384  1 nouveau
wmi                    28672  2 mxm_wmi,nouveau
ttm                   131072  1 nouveau
drm_kms_helper        208896  1 nouveau
drm                   495616  6 drm_kms_helper,ttm,nouveau
i2c_algo_bit           16384  1 nouveau
video                  45056  1 nouveau
button                 16384  1 nouveau
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// ファイルがなければ作成
$ sudo vim /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist-nouveau.conf
blacklist nouveau
options nouveau modeset=0
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// initramfsの更新をして再起動
$ sudo update-initramfs -u
$ sudo reboot

3. インストール

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// sources.listにtestingを追加
echo 'deb http://deb.debian.org/debian/ testing main non-free contrib' >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo 'deb http://deb.debian.org/debian/ unstable main non-free contrib' >> /etc/apt/sources.list
echo 'deb http://deb.debian.org/debian/ experimental main non-free contrib' >> /etc/apt/sources.list

// デフォルトをstableにする
echo 'APT::Default-Release "stable";' >> /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/00mydefaultrelease

// インストール
sudo apt update
sudo apt install -t experimental nvidia-driver nvidia-smi
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// 確認
$ nvidia-smi
Fri Mar 13 22:14:51 2020
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| NVIDIA-SMI 440.64       Driver Version: 440.64       CUDA Version: N/A      |
|-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| GPU  Name        Persistence-M| Bus-Id        Disp.A | Volatile Uncorr. ECC |
| Fan  Temp  Perf  Pwr:Usage/Cap|         Memory-Usage | GPU-Util  Compute M. |
|===============================+======================+======================|
|   0  GeForce GTX 1050    On   | 00000000:01:00.0 Off |                  N/A |
| 40%   24C    P8    N/A /  75W |     84MiB /  1999MiB |      0%      Default |
+-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Processes:                                                       GPU Memory |
|  GPU       PID   Type   Process name                             Usage      |
|=============================================================================|
|    0       584      G   /usr/lib/xorg/Xorg                            39MiB |
|    0       612      G   /usr/bin/gnome-shell                          41MiB |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+

4. CUDAも使う場合（任意）

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$ sudo apt -t experimental install nvidia-cuda-toolkit
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$ nvidia-smi
Fri Mar 13 22:38:57 2020
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| NVIDIA-SMI 440.64       Driver Version: 440.64       CUDA Version: 10.2     |
|-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| GPU  Name        Persistence-M| Bus-Id        Disp.A | Volatile Uncorr. ECC |
| Fan  Temp  Perf  Pwr:Usage/Cap|         Memory-Usage | GPU-Util  Compute M. |
|===============================+======================+======================|
|   0  GeForce GTX 1050    On   | 00000000:01:00.0 Off |                  N/A |
| 40%   24C    P8    N/A /  75W |    203MiB /  1999MiB |      0%      Default |
+-------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Processes:                                                       GPU Memory |
|  GPU       PID   Type   Process name                             Usage      |
|=============================================================================|
|    0       584      G   /usr/lib/xorg/Xorg                            18MiB |
|    0       612      G   /usr/bin/gnome-shell                          42MiB |
|    0      1670      G   /usr/lib/xorg/Xorg                            39MiB |
|    0      1836      G   /usr/bin/gnome-shell                          98MiB |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+